Prediabetes: Spotting the signs and early symptoms

In a time where diabetes is a rapidly growing health concern, the importance of understanding the development of this chronic disease cannot be overstated. Prediabetes, often a silent precursor to type 2 diabetes, affects millions worldwide, many of whom are sadly unaware of their condition. This comprehensive guide aims to enlighten you, our health-conscious consumers and those at risk of diabetes about prediabetes, its early signs, and the proactive steps you can take for prevention and management.

In this article you will learn:

• Understanding Prediabetes
• What Causes Prediabetes?
• Identifying the Symptoms of Prediabetes
• My Tips to Prevent Prediabetes
• When to See a Doctor?

Prediabetes is a chronic health condition characterised by blood sugar levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. (1) It serves as a red flag, signalling an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Diabetes Australia (CDC) reports that over 2 million Australians, approximately 1 in 13 people, have prediabetes. (2) The most concerning part of this statistic, is that many of them are unaware that they are living with the condition.

Prediabetes is often a silent condition, with many individuals experiencing no overt symptoms. This lack of symptoms contributes to its underdiagnosis and, consequently, a missed opportunity for early intervention. The condition is particularly concerning because it can progress to type 2 diabetes, which brings a host of more severe health complications, including nerve damage, kidney disease, and increased risk of cardiovascular events. (1)

The development of prediabetes is influenced by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. Insulin resistance is a key player, where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. This resistance results in higher blood sugar levels, setting the stage for prediabetes. Other contributing factors include obesity, especially abdominal obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. (3)

The path to prediabetes is multifaceted, involving both genetic predispositions and lifestyle choices. Some of the primary causes include:

• Insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This condition is often exacerbated by excess weight, particularly around the abdomen, and a lack of physical activity. (3)
• Genetics and family history also play a significant role in the development of prediabetes. Individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk, indicating a hereditary component to the condition. Additionally, certain ethnic groups, including African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Native Americans, and some Asian Americans, are at a higher risk of developing prediabetes. (1,4)
• Lifestyle factors are major contributors to the onset of prediabetes. A diet high in processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle, significantly increases the risk. Other risk factors include age (particularly those over 45), a history of gestational diabetes, and certain hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (5)

Understanding these causes is crucial for prevention and early intervention. By addressing these risk factors, individuals can significantly reduce their chances of developing prediabetes and its progression to type 2 diabetes.

Prediabetes is often a silent condition, with many individuals experiencing no clear symptoms. However, there are subtle signs to look out for: 

• Increased thirst and frequent urination are common symptoms, resulting from the body’s attempt to manage high blood sugar levels. 
• Fatigue is another symptom, often a consequence of the body’s inefficiency in using sugar as a source of energy.
• Blurred vision, a result of fluctuating blood sugar levels affecting the eyes.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can be mild and easily overlooked, which is why prediabetes often goes undiagnosed. Regular health check-ups are therefore essential, especially for individuals with risk factors such as obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, or a family history of diabetes. Blood tests, such as the fasting plasma glucose test or the HbA1C test, can help in detecting prediabetes. (6)

Early detection of prediabetes is crucial as it provides an opportunity to halt or reverse the progression to type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and increased physical activity, can effectively lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

As a dietitian, I believe preventing prediabetes and the progression of it to diabetes to be the best form of treatment. A  key to this is a healthy diet. This includes whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. It’s also essential to be mindful of portion size and overall energy intake, whilst also limiting your intake of food high in sugar, saturated fat and salt. (1)

Regular physical activity is another key to reducing your risk and helping you to feel healthier. The Australian Government Department of Health recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities. (7)

Weight management plays a crucial role in preventing prediabetes. Losing even a small percentage of body weight, if overweight, can significantly reduce the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. For instance, the Diabetes Prevention Program study found that a modest weight loss of 5% to 7% of body weight reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% in individuals with prediabetes. (8)

In addition to diet and exercise, other lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and managing stress effectively can also contribute to preventing prediabetes. Regular health screenings are important for early detection and management of risk factors.

Consulting a healthcare provider is crucial if you’re experiencing symptoms of prediabetes or have risk factors such as a family history of diabetes, obesity, or a sedentary lifestyle. Healthcare providers can conduct blood tests to check blood sugar levels and provide guidance on prevention and management strategies. Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes and reduce the risk of other associated health complications.

Prediabetes is a silent but significant health concern that warrants attention and action. By understanding its causes, recognising subtle symptoms, and adopting healthier lifestyle choices, you can significantly reduce your risk and take control of your health. That is why I believe early intervention is key, so regular check-ups and open communication with healthcare providers are essential in maintaining good health and preventing the progression to type 2 diabetes.